Ibn Khaldūn and Hierarchy Today

posted on: Jan 21, 2026

By: Diksha Tyagi/Arab America Contributing Writer

In countries across the Arab world and beyond, hierarchy sometimes seems like a necessary result of society. Yet, the inequality that results leads many to consider how hierarchy might be dissolved and why it has persisted for so long. To understand why hierarchies form and have strengthened in many nations today, the writings of Ibn Khaldūn can provide a foundation particularly relevant for Arab nations. Arab America contributing writer Diksha Tyagi will explore how Khaldūn’s concept of asabiyyah, or social cohesion, explains the reproduction of inequality and how it could perhaps be subverted.

Who is Ibn Khaldūn?

Ibn Khaldūn was an Arab historian, philosopher, and theorist of the 14th century. He was born in Tunis, the capital of modern-day Tunisia, during a time of political instability throughout the region. He served numerous political roles, but after stepping back, began writing works of history, sociology, and more. 

His most known work was the Muqaddimah, written in 1377. Initially intended to be a history of the Arabs and the Berbers, he was one of the first in history to develop a type of sociology. His sociology was applied to multiple realms, explaining its effects on economy and politics.

Throughout his works, the theory of asabiyyah is one of his central ideas. Asabiyyah refers to a sort of social cohesion that happens within groups of people. This bonding happens spontaneously but can be reinforced and strengthened by factors such as shared identity, loyalty, and dependency. 

Asabiyyah as Power

In relation to political power, Khaldūn argued that asabiyyah is in fact its origin. Groups that share strong asabiyyah are able to motivate one another, mobilize, and eventually take power over weaker groups. Therefore, political authority comes from socially produced unity.

However, for Khaldūn, this unity changes when control is seized. In the early stages, leaders remain connected to the communities that they serve, that supported their rise to power. Yet as authority shifts to become more secure, this changes. Once the elite secure authority, survival is no longer dependent on collective solidarity. Therefore, the elite become separated from who they govern. Power is institutionalized, and social bonds seem less necessary. This stage sees asabiyyah decline and go from being inclusive to exclusive, binding certain groups together once authority has been established. Hierarchies are formed, groups bunch together, and economic and political factors bond some while excluding others.

Yet, Khaldūn argued that all political authorities need asabiyyah to exist. Even though they may use force, it would not be enough to compensate for an incohesive society. In a country without social cohesion, another group with greater asabiyyah would form and replace the rulers, and begin the cycle again. 

The Modern State

Though Khaldūn’s concepts were developed in a very different time, the social mechanisms that he developed still remain relevant. Cohesion is an integral part of a society’s functioning, and groups continue to bond together based on shared identities and dependencies. However, these forms of cohesion bind certain classes of people together and reinforce their statuses. Inequality therefore becomes structural, with access limited to only those of the same class.

Today, many nations see varying levels of inequality. The Arab world has a particularly concentrated share of wealth at the top, where a large portion of national wealth belongs to a small number of earners. In Egypt in 2019, 32 firms controlled 60% of corporate profits, showing how economic power becomes concentrated and maintained through social ties. In many Gulf countries as well, rentier social contracts institutionalize hierarchy. These are where much of national wealth is distributed to certain parts of the population while migrant workers, though partly providing the wealth, have little legal and social protections. This creates a stark social hierarchy that binds certain groups together. Therefore, elite asabiyyah is created through selective inclusion, with inequality part of the labor structure.

The Persistence of Hierarchy

Whether in Egypt, the Gulf, or the number of nations with stark hierarchies, social cohesion becomes concentrated within the elite and is structurally preserved. This explains how inequality persists even through changing laws or changed institutions. Yet, fragmented societies cannot form strong enough bonds to challenge existing authorities. Differences in class, identity, and legal status make social cohesion much more difficult whether in society as a whole or across peripheral groups. In such situations, then, hierarchies become increasingly difficult to overcome.

However, though Khaldūn’s theory can be seen as cyclical, it also shows how hierarchy could be dissolved. When asabiyyah is concentrated, hierarchy hardens. When broad cultural or social movements bring various groups together, however, inequality can lessen. Therefore, though social cohesion helps form hierarchies, it also provides a way to resist them.

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